{"id":2137,"date":"2026-04-13T08:12:28","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T08:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helicalcutgears.top\/?p=2137"},"modified":"2026-04-13T08:12:28","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T08:12:28","slug":"helical-gear-vs-spur-gear","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helicalcutgears.top\/cs\/helical-gear-vs-spur-gear\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0161ikm\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo vs. \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u0160roubov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo vs. \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo \u2013 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hluku, nosnosti a rychlosti<\/h1>\n

Volba mezi \u0161ikm\u00fdm ozuben\u00fdm kolem a \u010deln\u00edm ozuben\u00fdm kolem je jedn\u00edm z nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed v konstrukci pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch pohon\u016f. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka poskytuje nam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 \u00fadaje o hluku, nosnosti, rozsahu ot\u00e1\u010dek a n\u00e1kladech, abyste si mohli vybrat spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro va\u0161e specifick\u00e9 provozn\u00ed podm\u00ednky.<\/p>\n

Z\u00edskejte specifikaci p\u0159evodovky \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0160roubov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo vs. \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo \u2013 souhrn nam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch parametr\u016f<\/h2>\n

P\u0159ed podrobnou anal\u00fdzou: je ti\u0161\u0161\u00ed (o 8\u201312 dB(A) ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed hlu\u010dnost), siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (o 25\u201350% vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed to\u010div\u00fd moment p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 velikosti) a rychlej\u0161\u00ed (150 m\/s oproti ~15 m\/s praktick\u00e9mu limitu) ne\u017e \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo se shodn\u00fdm modulem, po\u010dtem zub\u016f, materi\u00e1lem a tepeln\u00fdm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm. \u010celn\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo je mechanicky jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed, o n\u011bco levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a negeneruje nulovou axi\u00e1ln\u00ed s\u00edlu. Pro jakoukoli aplikaci s rychlost\u00ed na ose stoup\u00e1n\u00ed nad 10 m\/s nebo tam, kde je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd hluk z kabiny, hluk obsluhy nebo vibrace pohonu, je... spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> je technicky spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 volba. P\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1ch u otev\u0159en\u00fdch pohon\u016f, kter\u00e9 nejsou citliv\u00e9 na hluk, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vhodn\u00e9 \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Parametr<\/th>\n\u010celn\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/th>\n\u0160roubovit\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Hlu\u010dnost (1500 ot.\/min., pln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed)<\/td>\n78\u201385 dB(A) typicky<\/td>\n66\u201374 dB(A) \u2014 o 8\u201312 dB(A) ti\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
To\u010div\u00fd moment (stejn\u00e1 velikost)<\/td>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed hodnota<\/td>\n+25 a\u017e +50%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed rychlost na ose stoup\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\n~15 m\/s v praxi<\/td>\n150 m\/s (zem, \u00farove\u0148 turb\u00edny)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kontaktn\u00ed pom\u011br<\/td>\n1,2\u20131,6<\/td>\n2,0\u20134,5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Axi\u00e1ln\u00ed tah<\/td>\n\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd<\/td>\nF_t \u00d7 tan \u03b2 (\u0159\u00edzeno lo\u017eisky)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u00da\u010dinnost s\u00edt\u011b<\/td>\n97\u201398%<\/td>\n98\u201399,5% (uzemn\u011bn\u00ed)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V\u00fdrobn\u00ed n\u00e1klady<\/td>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed hodnota<\/td>\n+8\u201315% u standardn\u00edch jakost\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u017divotnost (za stejn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek)<\/td>\nZ\u00e1kladn\u00ed hodnota<\/td>\n2\u20135\u00d7 del\u0161\u00ed (brou\u0161en\u00fd vs. odvalovan\u00fd ostruh)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

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Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed hlu\u010dnosti \u2013 Pro\u010d je 10 dB(A) v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozd\u00edl<\/h2>\n

Na decibelov\u00e9 stupnici v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslem A, kter\u00e1 se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed hluku v pr\u00e1ci a v souvislosti s v\u00fdrobky, je 10 dB(A) vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b polovi\u010dn\u00ed sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed hlasitosti. Hlukov\u00e1 v\u00fdhoda 8\u201312 dB(A) spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> oproti \u010deln\u00edmu ozuben\u00e9mu kolu za stejn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek nen\u00ed nepatrn\u00e9 zlep\u0161en\u00ed \u2013 je to rozd\u00edl mezi pohonem, kter\u00fd spl\u0148uje limity hluku na pracovi\u0161ti podle normy EN ISO 11690, a pohonem, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje ochranu sluchu obsluhy, nebo rozd\u00edl mezi elektromobilem, kter\u00fd projde testy NVH, a t\u00edm, kter\u00fd je neprojde.<\/p>\n

\"Porovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/p>\n

Aplikace citliv\u00e9 na hluk \u2013 automobilov\u00e9 p\u0159evodovky, v\u0159etena CNC obr\u00e1b\u011bc\u00edch stroj\u016f, linky pro v\u00fdrobu potravin a n\u00e1poj\u016f \u2013 specifikuj\u00ed \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola jako standard, nikoli jako pr\u00e9miovou mo\u017enost.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d jsou \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola hlu\u010dn\u00e1<\/h3>\n

Hluk \u010deln\u00edho ozuben\u00e9ho kola je generov\u00e1n chybou p\u0159enosu \u2013 zm\u011bnou \u00fahlov\u00e9 rychlosti, ke kter\u00e9 doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd p\u00e1r zub\u016f vstoup\u00ed do z\u00e1b\u011bru a vystoup\u00ed z n\u011bj. U \u010deln\u00edho ozuben\u00e9ho kola se kontakt objev\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b po cel\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce \u010deln\u00ed plochy a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e1 s\u00edla prudce sko\u010d\u00ed s ka\u017edou rozte\u010d\u00ed zub\u016f. Tento impuls vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 vibrace na frekvenci z\u00e1b\u011bru (f = ot.\/min \u00d7 z \/ 60) a jej\u00edch harmonick\u00fdch slo\u017ek\u00e1ch. \u010celn\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo s 20 zuby a ot\u00e1\u010dkami 1500 ot.\/min m\u00e1 frekvenci z\u00e1b\u011bru 500 Hz \u2013 p\u0159\u00edmo v rozsahu maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed citlivosti lidsk\u00e9ho sluchu, kde je ucho p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b o 40 dB citliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e p\u0159i 50 Hz.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d jsou \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola ti\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/h3>\n

Diagon\u00e1ln\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed linie spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 vstup s\u00edly v \u010dase \u2013 impuls na z\u00e1b\u011brov\u00e9 frekvenci je nahrazen hladk\u00fdm n\u00e1b\u011bhem. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed pom\u011br (2,0\u20134,5 oproti 1,2\u20131,6 u \u010deln\u00edch ozuben\u00fdch kol) nav\u00edc znamen\u00e1, \u017ee s\u00edla je rozd\u011blena mezi v\u00edce p\u00e1r\u016f zub\u016f sou\u010dasn\u011b, co\u017e d\u00e1le sni\u017euje periodick\u00e9 kol\u00eds\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuje hluk. Brou\u0161en\u00ed \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> u t\u0159\u00eddy DIN 5\u20136 sni\u017euj\u00ed amplitudu chyby p\u0159enosu o 60\u2013801 TP3T ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s odvalovan\u00fdmi \u010deln\u00edmi ozuben\u00fdmi koly stejn\u00e9ho modulu, proto\u017ee odchylky profilu a stoup\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny s\u00edly, jsou p\u0159i brou\u0161en\u00ed eliminov\u00e1ny. Kombinovan\u00fd efekt: p\u00e1r brou\u0161en\u00fdch ozuben\u00fdch kol dle DIN t\u0159\u00eddy 5 m\u016f\u017ee za stejn\u00fdch provozn\u00edch podm\u00ednek b\u011b\u017eet o 15\u201318 dB(A) ti\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo s odvalov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n

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Nosnost \u2013 o 25 a\u017e 50 procent vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed to\u010div\u00fd moment na stejn\u00e9m p\u0159evodov\u00e9m stupni<\/h2>\n

V\u00fdhoda to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> p\u0159es \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze dvou nez\u00e1visl\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vz\u00e1jemn\u011b posiluj\u00ed:<\/p>\n

\"Model<\/p>\n

Ozuben\u00fd p\u00e1r \u2013 v\u00edce p\u00e1r\u016f zub\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010dasn\u011b v kontaktu, rozd\u011bluje celkov\u00fd p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fd kroutic\u00ed moment a sni\u017euje tak \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v pat\u011b ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotliv\u00e9ho zubu<\/p>\n

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Sd\u00edlen\u00ed z\u00e1t\u011b\u017ee v\u00edce p\u00e1r\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159i celkov\u00e9m kontaktn\u00edm pom\u011bru 2,5\u20133,0 nesou zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u011b 2\u20133 p\u00e1ry zub\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1r se pod\u00edl\u00ed na jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etin\u011b a\u017e polovin\u011b celkov\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 s\u00edly. Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed ohybov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed v pat\u011b zubu je sn\u00ed\u017eeno o 25\u2013401 TP3T ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s \u010deln\u00edm ozuben\u00fdm kolem p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m kroutic\u00edm momentu \u2013 co\u017e p\u0159\u00edmo prodlu\u017euje \u017eivotnost v ohybu nebo umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jmenovit\u00fd kroutic\u00ed moment p\u0159ed dosa\u017een\u00edm meze \u00fanavy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sou\u010dinitel dynamick\u00e9ho zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Jmenovit\u00fd p\u0159evodov\u00fd stupe\u0148 dle normy ISO 6336 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 dynamick\u00fd sou\u010dinitel zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed K_v, kter\u00fd zohled\u0148uje dodate\u010dn\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z vibrac\u00ed ozuben\u00e9ho kola p\u0159i z\u00e1b\u011brov\u00e9 frekvenci. \u010celn\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo pracuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i 1500 ot\/min m\u00e1 obvykle K_v = 1,3\u20131,6. Uzemn\u011bn\u00ed spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> p\u0159i stejn\u00e9 rychlosti m\u00e1 K_v = 1,05\u20131,15. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed K_v ve v\u00fdpo\u010dtu ISO umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jmenovit\u00fd to\u010div\u00fd moment p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m sou\u010diniteli bezpe\u010dnosti materi\u00e1lu \u2013 a to i bez zapo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed zlep\u0161en\u00ed kontaktn\u00edho pom\u011bru.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Lep\u0161\u00ed EHL f\u00f3lie \u2013 ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kontaktn\u00ed \u00fanava<\/strong><\/p>\n

Zem\u011b \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> (Ra \u2264 0,6 \u00b5m) udr\u017euj\u00ed p\u0159i st\u0159edn\u00edch rychlostech pln\u00fd elastohydrodynamick\u00fd (EHL) olejov\u00fd film, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zabra\u0148uj\u00ed kontaktu kovu s kovem a potla\u010duj\u00ed vznik d\u016flkov\u00e9 koroze. Ozuben\u00e1 kola s \u010deln\u00edmi zuby s odvalovac\u00edm fr\u00e9zov\u00e1n\u00edm (Ra \u2248 3,2 \u00b5m) pracuj\u00ed v re\u017eimu sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9ho maz\u00e1n\u00ed za stejn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek, kde je progresivn\u00ed d\u016flkov\u00e1 koroze dominantn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem selh\u00e1n\u00ed. V praxi: brou\u0161en\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola dosahuj\u00ed 3\u20135\u00d7 del\u0161\u00ed \u017eivotnosti proti d\u016flkov\u00e9 korozi p\u0159i stejn\u00e9m zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed a rychlosti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Rozsah ot\u00e1\u010dek a oblast pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/h2>\n

Maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed praktick\u00e1 rychlost ozuben\u00e9ho kola na ose stoup\u00e1n\u00ed je omezena r\u00e1zov\u00fdm zat\u00ed\u017een\u00edm, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m vstupu zubu \u2013 nad p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 10\u201315 m\/s se tento n\u00e1raz st\u00e1v\u00e1 dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00fdm, aby ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b aplikac\u00ed zp\u016fsobil rychlou \u00fanavu zubu a nep\u0159ijateln\u00e9 vibrace. \u0160roubov\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong>s progresivn\u00edm vstupem roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed pou\u017eiteln\u00fd rozsah rychlost\u00ed na 150 m\/s pro p\u0159esn\u011b brou\u0161en\u00e1 turb\u00ednov\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola. Nejedn\u00e1 se o nepatrn\u00fd rozd\u00edl \u2013 p\u0159edstavuje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed rozsahu rychlost\u00ed, d\u00edky kter\u00e9mu jsou \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola jedinou sch\u016fdnou volbou pro vysokorychlostn\u00ed kompresorov\u00e9 p\u0159evodovky, zvy\u0161ova\u010de ot\u00e1\u010dek turb\u00edn a koncov\u00e9 p\u0159evody automobilov\u00fdch p\u0159evodovek.<\/p>\n

\"typy<\/p>\n

Kontext v\u00fdb\u011bru typu ozuben\u00e9ho kola \u2013 \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola slou\u017e\u00ed pro pohony s paraleln\u00edmi h\u0159\u00eddeli k nej\u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu rozsahu ot\u00e1\u010dek ze v\u0161ech v\u00e1lcov\u00fdch tvar\u016f ozuben\u00fdch kol<\/p>\n

Kde dominuj\u00ed \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/h3>\n

V\u0161echny modern\u00ed manu\u00e1ln\u00ed a automatick\u00e9 p\u0159evodovky osobn\u00edch automobil\u016f specifikuj\u00ed \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u2013 po\u017eadavky na hluk, vibrace a vibrace \u010din\u00ed \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola v kabin\u011b nep\u0159ijateln\u00fdmi. Jednorychlostn\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00ed jednotky pro elektromobily tento po\u017eadavek d\u00e1le zost\u0159uj\u00ed. V\u0159etenov\u00e9 p\u0159evodovky CNC obr\u00e1b\u011bc\u00edch stroj\u016f specifikuj\u00ed brou\u0161en\u00ed podle normy DIN t\u0159\u00eddy 5\u20136 \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> proto\u017ee chyba p\u0159enosu na s\u00ed\u0165ov\u00e9 frekvenci se projevuje p\u0159\u00edmo jako periodick\u00e1 drsnost povrchu obroben\u00fdch obrobk\u016f. Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 p\u0159evodovky pro je\u0159\u00e1bov\u00e9 kladkostroje, reduktory odst\u0159ediv\u00fdch kompresor\u016f a pastorkov\u00e9 stolice v\u00e1lcovac\u00edch stolic pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed spir\u00e1lov\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola pro kombinaci vysok\u00e9 hustoty to\u010div\u00e9ho momentu a plynul\u00e9ho p\u0159enosu v\u00fdkonu. Korea Ever-Power's ozuben\u00e1 kola se \u0161roubovicov\u00fdm \u0159ezem<\/a> pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed v\u0161echny tyto rozsahy pou\u017eit\u00ed od M1 do M50.<\/p>\n

Kde jsou \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola st\u00e1le vhodn\u00e1<\/h3>\n

N\u00edzkorychlostn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 pohony (pod 3\u20135 m\/s), otev\u0159en\u00e9 ozuben\u00ed na pomal\u00fdch dopravn\u00edc\u00edch a jednoduch\u00e9 polohovac\u00ed mechanismy, kde hluk nen\u00ed konstruk\u010dn\u00edm omezen\u00edm, jsou typick\u00fdmi aplikacemi, kde jsou vhodn\u00e1 \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola. N\u011bkter\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola s velmi dlouhou \u0161\u00ed\u0159kou \u010dela \u2013 zejm\u00e9na v pap\u00edrensk\u00fdch a tiska\u0159sk\u00fdch stroj\u00edch, kde je vy\u017eadov\u00e1na \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka \u010dela 1000+ mm \u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola, proto\u017ee v\u00fdroba konzistentn\u00edho stoup\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161roubovice p\u0159es extr\u00e9mn\u011b \u0161irokou plochu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a n\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e ospravedl\u0148uje zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdkonu. V uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edch h\u0159\u00eddel\u00ed, kde mus\u00ed b\u00fdt jak\u00e9koli axi\u00e1ln\u00ed zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed striktn\u011b nulov\u00e9 a dvojit\u00e1 \u0161roubovicov\u00e1 konfigurace je z n\u00e1kladov\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f nepraktick\u00e1, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u010deln\u00ed ozuben\u00e1 kola pou\u017eiteln\u00e1 i p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch rychlostech.<\/p>\n

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Rozd\u00edl v axi\u00e1ln\u00edm tahu \u2013 praktick\u00e9 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n

Jedinou skute\u010dnou v\u00fdhodou \u010deln\u00edch ozuben\u00fdch kol oproti \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> je nulov\u00fd axi\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak. \u0160ikm\u00fd zub spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> generuje F_a = F_t \u00d7 tan \u03b2 pod\u00e9l osy h\u0159\u00eddele. P\u0159i \u03b2 = 25\u00b0 se to rovn\u00e1 47% te\u010dn\u00e9 s\u00edly \u2013 zna\u010dn\u00e9, ale zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00e9. Praktick\u00e1 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed odezva je jednou ze t\u0159\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed:<\/p>\n