{"id":2322,"date":"2026-06-24T02:50:11","date_gmt":"2026-06-24T02:50:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/helicalcutgears.top\/?p=2322"},"modified":"2026-06-24T02:50:11","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T02:50:11","slug":"helical-gear-heat-treatment-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/helicalcutgears.top\/cs\/helical-gear-heat-treatment-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Tepeln\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed \u0161ikm\u00e9ho ozuben\u00e9ho kola \u2013 v\u00fdpo\u010det ztr\u00e1t v\u00fdkonu, po\u017eadavky na v\u00fdrobu tepla a chlazen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed ozuben\u00fdch kol se \u0161roubovic\u00ed \u2013 porovn\u00e1n\u00ed cementace, induk\u010dn\u00edho kalen\u00ed, nitridace a kvantitativn\u00edho tvrzen\u00ed<\/h1>\n

Tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed aplikovan\u00e9 na spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> \u0160roubovit\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo ur\u010duje jeho povrchovou tvrdost, \u00fanavovou \u017eivotnost, deformaci po o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed a to, zda je nutn\u00e9 n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 brou\u0161en\u00ed. Volba nespr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho procesu \u2013 cementace ozuben\u00e9ho kola, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo b\u00fdt nitridov\u00e1no, nebo kalen\u00ed QT ozuben\u00e9ho kola, kter\u00e9 vy\u017eaduje cementaci \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k ozuben\u00e9mu kolu se spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm vzhledem, ale zcela nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdmi vlastnostmi p\u0159i \u00fanav\u011b materi\u00e1lu. Tato p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka zahrnuje v\u0161echny praktick\u00e9 mo\u017enosti tepeln\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed s procesn\u00edmi parametry, dosa\u017eitelnou tvrdost\u00ed, \u03c3_H lim a specifikac\u00ed v\u00fdkresu.<\/p>\n

Potvr\u010fte tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed va\u0161eho vybaven\u00ed \u2192<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u010cty\u0159i procesy tepeln\u00e9ho zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pro \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola \u2013 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proces<\/th>\nTvrdost povrchu<\/th>\nTvrdost j\u00e1dra<\/th>\nHloubka pouzdra<\/th>\n\u03c3_H limit (MPa)<\/th>\nZkreslen\u00ed<\/th>\nBrou\u0161en\u00ed po HT<\/th>\nRelativn\u00ed n\u00e1klady<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
QT (kalen\u00ed a popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed)<\/td>\nHB 220\u2013350<\/td>\nStejn\u00fd pr\u016f\u0159ez<\/td>\n\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad \u2013 skrz kalen\u00e9<\/td>\n490\u2013680<\/td>\nMinim\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/td>\nVoliteln\u00e9 (vhodn\u00e9 pro odvalov\u00e1n\u00ed)<\/td>\n1,0\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Induk\u010dn\u00ed kalen\u00ed<\/td>\nHRC 50\u201358<\/td>\nHRC 28\u201338 (j\u00e1dro QT)<\/td>\n0,5\u20135 mm (frekven\u010dn\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9)<\/td>\n820\u20131050<\/td>\nM\u00edrn\u00e9 \u2013 lok\u00e1ln\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 nam\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed<\/td>\nPo\u017eadov\u00e1no pro DIN t\u0159\u00eddu 5\u20136<\/td>\n1,4\u20131,8\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cementace plynem + Q + T<\/td>\nHRC 58\u201362<\/td>\nHRC 30\u201338<\/td>\n0,5\u20133,0 mm (\u010dasov\u011b \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9)<\/td>\n1500\u20131800<\/td>\nVysok\u00e1 \u2014 pln\u00fd cyklus pece<\/td>\nPovinn\u00e9 pro t\u0159\u00eddu DIN 5\u20137<\/td>\n2,0\u20132,8\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Plynov\u00e1 nitridace<\/td>\nHV 700\u20131050 (HRC 62+)<\/td>\nHRC 28\u201338 (QT p\u0159ed HT)<\/td>\n0,1\u20130,6 mm (m\u011blk\u00e9)<\/td>\n1100\u20131450<\/td>\nVelmi n\u00edzk\u00e1 (max. 520 \u00b0C)<\/td>\nObvykle nen\u00ed vy\u017eadov\u00e1no<\/td>\n2,2\u20132,8\u00d7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Proces 1: Kalen\u00ed a popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (QT) \u2013 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed linie pro m\u011bkk\u00fd bok zubu<\/h2>\n

QT (kalen\u00ed a popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed) je nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed pro spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> Jakosti oceli: kovan\u00fd nebo ty\u010dov\u00fd polotovar se austenitizuje p\u0159i 820\u2013880 \u00b0C, kal\u00ed v oleji nebo vod\u011b a pot\u00e9 popou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed p\u0159i 550\u2013680 \u00b0C na c\u00edlovou tvrdost. V\u00fdsledkem je rovnom\u011brn\u011b kalen\u00fd, hou\u017eevnat\u00fd pr\u016f\u0159ez bez povrchov\u00e9ho obalen\u00ed. Povrchov\u00e1 tvrdost je omezena teplotou popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u2013 HB 220 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 stavu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 630 \u00b0C; HB 320 stavu p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 560 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n

QT \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> se \u0159e\u017eou po cyklu QT \u2013 zuby ozuben\u00e9ho kola se odvaluj\u00ed nebo tvaruj\u00ed v kone\u010dn\u00e9m kalen\u00e9m stavu (HB 220\u2013350 je snadno kompatibiln\u00ed s asijsk\u00fdm trhem). Po obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed zub\u016f se nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 tepeln\u00e9 zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, tak\u017ee nen\u00ed nutn\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 n\u00e1prava deformace a je mo\u017en\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159esnosti t\u0159\u00eddy DIN 7\u20139 p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdm odvalov\u00e1n\u00edm. QT je spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 specifikace, kdy\u017e: aplikovan\u00e9 zat\u00ed\u017een\u00ed je v rozsahu \u03c3_H lim 490\u2013680 MPa; brou\u0161en\u00ed se nepl\u00e1nuje; a ozuben\u00e9 kolo je v nekritick\u00e9m obecn\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m pohonu pod rychlost\u00ed na ose stoup\u00e1n\u00ed 15 m\/s.<\/p>\n

Proces 2: Cementace v plynu \u2013 standard pro pr\u00e9miov\u00e1 \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/h2>\n

\"cementovan\u00e9<\/p>\n

Nauhli\u010den\u00e9 spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> \u2014 povrch HRC 58\u201362, typicky s efektivn\u00ed hloubkou pouzdra 0,8\u20132,0 mm (do HV 550), poskytuje \u03c3_H lim 1500\u20131800 MPa a je ur\u010den pro v\u011bt\u0161inu p\u0159esn\u00fdch obrobk\u016f v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu, elektromobilech, CNC, n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch a t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> celosv\u011btov\u00e1 produkce<\/p>\n

Cyklus cementace \u2013 parametry procesu<\/h3>\n

Cementace plynem obohacuje povrch zubu spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkovou legovanou ocel (obvykle 20CrMnTi nebo 17CrNiMo6) s uhl\u00edkem vystaven\u00edm atmosf\u00e9\u0159e endotermick\u00e9ho plynu + obohacovac\u00edho plynu (propanu nebo zemn\u00edho plynu) p\u0159i teplot\u011b 880\u2013940 \u00b0C. Uhl\u00edk difunduje dovnit\u0159 od povrchu a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed koncentra\u010dn\u00ed gradient uhl\u00edku, kter\u00fd po kalen\u00ed a popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tvrd\u00fd martenzitick\u00fd povrch nad hou\u017eevnat\u00fdm j\u00e1drem s ni\u017e\u0161\u00edm obsahem uhl\u00edku:<\/p>\n

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Austenitiza\u010dn\u00ed teplota<\/strong><\/p>\n

880\u2013940 \u00b0C. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teplota zvy\u0161uje rychlost dif\u00faze uhl\u00edku, ale u n\u011bkter\u00fdch ocel\u00ed riskuje r\u016fst zrn. 17CrNiMo6 sn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed 940 \u00b0C bez r\u016fstu zrn; 20CrMnTi je omezen maxim\u00e1ln\u011b na 920 \u00b0C.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho potenci\u00e1lu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd uhl\u00edkov\u00fd potenci\u00e1l C_P = 0,75\u20130,851 TP3T b\u011bhem cementace; b\u011bhem difuzn\u00ed f\u00e1ze sn\u00ed\u017een na 0,65\u20130,701 TP3T pro zplo\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed profilu n\u00e1t\u011bru. Monitorov\u00e1no sondou CO\u2082 nebo O\u2082 v peci.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed hloubky pouzdra<\/strong><\/p>\n

Efektivn\u00ed hloubka pouzdra (do HV 550) \u2248 0,18 \u00d7 \u221a\u010das p\u0159i teplot\u011b [hodiny]. C\u00edl 0,8 mm: celkov\u00fd cyklus p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 20 hodin. C\u00edl 1,5 mm: p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 hodin. \u010cas jsou n\u00e1klady na proces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Uhasit a zm\u00edrnit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kalen\u00ed v oleji z 820\u2013840 \u00b0C na okoln\u00ed teplotu. Popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159i 150\u2013200 \u00b0C po dobu 2 hodin \u2013 sni\u017euje zbytkov\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed a k\u0159ehkost p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed tvrdosti HRC 58\u201362. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed teploty popou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sni\u017euj\u00ed tvrdost povrchu pod specifikaci.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Pro\u010d je brou\u0161en\u00ed po cementaci povinn\u00e9:<\/strong> Cyklus pece p\u0159i 880\u2013940 \u00b0C zp\u016fsobuje tepelnou a transforma\u010dn\u00ed deformaci 0,05\u20130,3 mm na profilu zubu a stoup\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 co\u017e v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159ekra\u010duje toleran\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1sma t\u0159\u00eddy DIN 5\u20137. Deformovan\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo mus\u00ed b\u00fdt po cementaci brou\u0161eno, aby se obnovila t\u0159\u00edda p\u0159esnosti. Proto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 cementovan\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo t\u0159\u00eddy DIN 5. spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> je v\u017edy cementovan\u00e9 A brou\u0161en\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo \u2013 samotn\u00e9 cementov\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ozuben\u00e9 kolo t\u0159\u00eddy DIN 10\u201312 a brou\u0161en\u00ed obnovuje p\u0159esnost.<\/div>\n

Proces 3: Induk\u010dn\u00ed kalen\u00ed \u2013 Selektivn\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 kalen\u00ed velk\u00fdch ozuben\u00fdch kol<\/h2>\n

Induk\u010dn\u00ed kalen\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 elektromagnetickou indukci k oh\u0159evu spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> povrch zubu se rychle (obvykle b\u011bhem 1\u201310 sekund na zub nebo na pr\u016fchod skenov\u00e1n\u00edm) oh\u0159eje na austenitiza\u010dn\u00ed teplotu, n\u00e1sledovan\u00e9 okam\u017eit\u00fdm kalen\u00edm. Zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 se a kal\u00ed se pouze povrch v hloubce elektromagnetick\u00e9ho pronik\u00e1n\u00ed \u2013 j\u00e1dro si zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou tvrdost p\u0159ed indukc\u00ed (obvykle QT HB 280\u2013320 pro 42CrMo). V\u00fdsledek: tvrd\u00fd povrch, hou\u017eevnat\u00e9 j\u00e1dro s hranic\u00ed mezi pouzdrem a j\u00e1drem v \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 hloubce ur\u010den\u00e9 frekvenc\u00ed induktoru:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Frekvence induktoru<\/th>\nHloubka pr\u016fniku<\/th>\nVhodn\u00fd p\u0159evodov\u00fd modul<\/th>\nKalen\u00ed vzoru<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
450 kHz (vzduchov\u00fd tok)<\/td>\n0,3\u20130,8 mm<\/td>\nM2\u2013M5<\/td>\nPouze povrch; kop\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed kontury profilu zubu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10\u201330 kHz (st\u0159edn\u00ed frekvence)<\/td>\n1,0\u20132,5 mm<\/td>\nM5\u2013M16<\/td>\n\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u00e9 pouzdro kop\u00edruj\u00edc\u00ed obrys zubu; pr\u016fchoz\u00ed zub pro men\u0161\u00ed moduly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1\u20133 kHz (n\u00edzk\u00fd kmito\u010dtov\u00fd rozsah)<\/td>\n3\u20136 mm<\/td>\nM16\u2013M40+<\/td>\nKalen\u00ed skrz zub u velk\u00fdch modul\u016f; hranice mezi pouzdrem a j\u00e1drem pod ko\u0159enem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Induk\u010dn\u00ed kalen\u00ed je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vhodn\u00e9 pro velkomodulov\u00e9 \u0161ikm\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola<\/strong> (M16\u2013M50) pro t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed provozy, cement\u00e1rny a v\u00e1lcovny, kde by plynov\u00e1 cementace vy\u017eadovala neprakticky dlouh\u00e9 cykly pece (70\u2013200 hodin pro hloubku pouzdra 2\u20135 mm) a zp\u016fsobovala by nezvladateln\u00e9 deformace u polotovar\u016f s velk\u00fdm pr\u016f\u0159ezem. Induk\u010dn\u00ed kalen\u00ed lok\u00e1ln\u011b zah\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 a kal\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed men\u0161\u00ed celkovou deformaci ne\u017e pln\u00fd cyklus pece \u2013 a\u010dkoli slo\u017eit\u00fd teplotn\u00ed gradient st\u00e1le vy\u017eaduje dodate\u010dn\u00e9 brou\u0161en\u00ed pro t\u0159\u00eddu DIN 5\u20137.<\/p>\n

Proces 4: Nitridace v plynu \u2013 rozm\u011brov\u00e1 stabilita ozuben\u00fdch kol obr\u00e1b\u011bc\u00edch stroj\u016f<\/h2>\n

Plynov\u00e1 nitridace difunduje dus\u00edk do povrchu pre-QT spir\u00e1lov\u00e9 ozuben\u00e9 kolo<\/strong> ocel (obvykle 38CrMoAl, ale tak\u00e9 42CrMo a 40Cr pro pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 ozuben\u00e1 kola) p\u0159i 490\u2013530 \u00b0C \u2013 hluboko pod transforma\u010dn\u00ed teplotou. Dus\u00edk se slu\u010duje s leguj\u00edc\u00edmi prvky (Cr, Mo, Al) za vzniku extr\u00e9mn\u011b tvrd\u00fdch nitridov\u00fdch sra\u017eenin, kter\u00e9 produkuj\u00ed povrchovou tvrdost HV 700\u20131050 bez jak\u00e9koli f\u00e1zov\u00e9 transformace. Absence transformace znamen\u00e1:<\/p>\n